PERKOTAAN CERDAS: SEBUAH PENELITIAN AWAL EXPLORING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ADOPTION FOR THE SMART URBAN-LAW: A PRELIMINARY RESEARCH

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
In today's globe, rapid urbanization and technology improvements have played a role in the formation of progressive urban cultures and city developments.Hence, the fast grow of Internet information technology has set a trend and direction for disrupting the idea about creating standard cities and establishing new "smart" cities (Zhong et al., 2021).Smart cities consept emerged in the late 1990s, driven by a vision of decision makers being able observe the urban environment in real time (Gomaa & Emam, 2023).The concept was derived from five different aspects in the mid-2010s, as it flourished and was thoroughly discussed, both in industries and in literature, namely, sustainable cities, smart cities, urban information and communication technology, sustainable urban development, sustainability and environmental issues, urbanization and urban growth.Smart cities provide an efficient infrastructure to improve people's quality of life by assisting in rapid urbanization and resource management through sustainable and scalable innovative solutions.
The penetration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in smart cities has been a crucial factor to their ability to keep up with the agility and pace of their development.They also came up with the dichotomous terms "hard" and "soft" approaches to the smart city."Hard" refers to ICT-based applications and physical infrastructures (like buildings, energy grids, natural resources, water and waste management, mobility, and logistics), while "soft" refers to innovations, education, culture, social inclusion, and governance.This indeterminate divide between "hard" and "soft" can also be expressed as "technical" and "social" or as part of an integrated method.In the creation of smart cities, the hard/soft dichotomy is also often used as a choice of paths.
ICT and the Internet of Things (IoT) allow countless devices, sensors, actuators, and smartphones to be digitally connected and collect Big Data that can be analyzed, manage, and control urban life.Dynamic evolution and complexity require a new methodological and analyzing approach to embrace technological improvements, transitioning from technology-driven (SC 1.0) to city government-driven, citizendriven, Industry 4.0 (4G, 5G, electric cars, etc.) to artificial intelligence and cognitive computing (Golubchikov & Thornbush, 2022).
In the context of cities, AI is the engine of automated algorithmic decisions that provide various efficiencies in the complex and intricate services and operations of municipal governments.There are many examples of how AI is being used in the context of urban government, including managing city assets with structural health monitoring, fault detection and diagnosis in energy infrastructure, accessible customer service with chatbots, and automated transportation with autonomous shuttle buses.Hence, many of these AI systems are used in smart city programs, where city governments use digital data and technologies to promote economic growth, quality of life, and sustainability.In short, the smart city movement increased the prominence of artificial intelligence in urban policy circles.AI-based automated decision-making gives urban management options in smart cities.This article attempts to examine how AI may assist city governments in developing urban law through the integration of crowdsourcing, building on the abstract's investigation of urbanization, digital technology, urban law, and the application of AI and crowdsourcing in the lawmaking process.This research question attempts to investigate how artificial intelligence and crowdsourcing approaches might improve urban law and governance, with a focus on participatory decision-making and the development of regulations that represent the different needs and ambitions of urban communities.This project intends to contribute to the creation of effective and inclusive urban government frameworks by studying the possible benefits, problems, and implications of merging AI and crowdsourcing.

METHOD
The section that follows discusses how a data set of papers on artificial intelligence, smart cities, and urban law was collected.Dimensions.ai is a research information system developed by Digital Science (https://www.dimensions.ai)(Herzog et al., 2020).Dimensions was released in January 2018 and connects over 133 million research papers from all stages of the research life cycle (Digital Science, 2018).Users can look through 95 million+ publication records and their data for free.Dimensions encourages to serve as "a cutting-edge and creative platform and integrated research data tool" to break down barriers to information utilizing new technologies (Orduña-Malea & Delgado López-Cózar, 2018).In summary, Dimensions' free edition puts all indexed papers in context, and the research community's needs will shape the database's analytics, innovation, and usefulness.
The search field, results page, filters, and analytical reports comprise the Dimensions starting screen.The database and query statistics are provided by the software (Williams, 2018).After searching, the user can filter by year, researcher, topic of knowledge, publishing type, and open access.Author, source, and field of knowledge filters allow advanced searches from an independent search box and advocate filtering by frequently appearing entities.Furthermore, the query parameters chosen for this study are as follows: (1) ai, urban-law, and smart city for free text in the full data request; (2) time frame: from 2021 to 2023; (3) subject of study using SDGs inquiry; and (4) publications of the type article.
To supplement the findings from the dimension data set, a manual search was conducted using the snowball search approach, which involved examining the references cited by the articles retrieved.Data can be obtained from each publication in order to generate a set of concepts about the use of AI in urban policy-lawmaking steps in attempt to create the idea of Smart Urban-Law by leveraging AI technology.

RESULT AND DISUCSSION AI Research Bibliometric from Dimension.ai dataset
This section presents a bibliometric study of the Dimension.aidata collection.Figure 1 depicts the number of articles on AI, urban law, and smart cities from 2021 to 2023, with a total of 632 publications.The pandemic conditions that happened in early mid-2020 have boosted the demand for scholars working on this topic.As the pandemic subsided, the number of articles published decreased until this study was undertaken.

Figure. 1. Number of papers published by year during the 2020-2023 period
According to figure 2, the research themes of AI, Urban-Law, and smart cities in the field of SDGs research focus on one specific issue, namely SDGs 11 connected to Sustainable Cities and Communities.This subject is also explored in the research on SDGs 7,13,9,12,3,15,16,2,4,6,10,and 8.In comparison to the research categories outlined by the ANZSRC 2020 classification, four research disciplines predominate: building environment and design, information and computer sciences, engineering, and human society.Other research subjects, such as business, management, and tourism; earth sciences; and environmental sciences, have emerged as additional research areas that cover these three research issues.

Figure. 2. Comparison of the Number of Articles by Classification of Research
Fields (SDGs and ANZSRC 2020)

Figure. 3. Researchers Network based on Co-Authorship Analysis and Citation Analysis
Researchers from many different fields, such as engineering, planning, computer science, urban fields, design, policy science, and others, have been drawn to this study's topic due to the fact it truly multidisciplinary.From the analysis of the coauthorship network's knowledge map, we can get a picture of the most active authors, which will help future researchers work together better and do more advanced research.Dimension.aihas added the VOSviewer tool, which shows co-authorship analysis with nodes that stand for authors.The size of a node shows how many articles have been released.The link between the two nodes shows how the two writers worked together, and the thickness of the link shows how much they worked together.
Overall, it can see how productive writers work together in a network with one main author at the center.This publication's co-authorship description promotes research innovation, knowledge exchange, and research excellence.The best writers are used as resources and drivers in small-scale study projects.This research network indicates that smart city, urban law, and AI have become the focus of many studies in several nations with a variety of concerns.But it appears involving international research collaboration has been set up in this area.• To maximize the benefits of socially disruptive technology while reducing their downsides, the Metaverse must reorient users, recognize their humanity, and include moral norms and principles.(Allam, Bibri, et al., 2022), (Bibri & Allam, 2022) Bibri, Alexandre, Sharifi, and Krogstie (2023) examine the prospects for AI, IoT, and Big Data to trigger massive changes in smart cities through accelerated and accelerated digitization processes in their study titled "Environmentally sustainable smart cities and their converging AI, IoT, and big data technologies and solutions: an integrated approach to an extensive literature review (Bibri et al., 2023)."Smart city technologies and solutions which employ AI, IoT, and Big Data expertise create many new opportunities for exploring, prevent, and solve urban problems and improve decisionmaking, especially in addressing environmental sustainability and climate change.The evidence synthesized showed that the increasing criticism of the fragmentation of smart cities and sustainable cities, the diffusion of the SDGs agenda, and the recent dominance of advanced ICT have significantly impacted the materialization of environmentally sustainable smart cities, influencing smart city landscapes and dynamics.The combination of AI, IoT, and Big Data technology offers new ways to address environmental sustainability challenges.This convergence is vital to creating critical urban infrastructure resource-efficient, low-emission, and resilient by attaining the SDG 11 environmental targets for energy, transport, waste, water, biodiversity, and climate.Converging data-driven technologies include environmental costs, ethical hazards, and regulatory issues.
In another research collaboration between Allam, Bibri, Jones, Chabaud, and Moreno, the article "Unpacking the '15-Minute City' via 6G, IoT, and Digital Twins: Towards a New Narrative for Increasing Urban Efficiency, Resilience, and Sustainability" argues that Smart City network technologies, such as Digital Twins, IoT, and 6G, can add value and provide new opportunities to redefine agendas for urban efficiency, resilience, and sustainability.Thus, the technologies that emerged and continue to advance have started a new wave of data generation and correction, which has been seen to increase efficiency in many fields, including decision making, performance, and real-time predictions.As stated above, data mining opportunities in urban regions shape climate change, biodiversity health, cultural heritage conservation, and traffic management discourses and trends.Furthermore, the rising connectedness of devices, and the data gathered and analyzed, can further contribute in automating urban characteristics, which can go from 'automation' to 'autonomy'.The requirement to reproduce those automated characteristics digitally for testing in various settings would be of interest to this notion, supporting the need for Digital Twins and the concept of 'City Brains'.This convergence of AI-driven data processing and simulation can help with improved planning even more.However, while these benefits accrue and will continue to emerge, it is worth noting that the smart city concept has received significant and genuine criticism from various quarters, particularly in regard to the collection, storage, analysis, management, and control of data, which includes human privacy concerns.

The Idea of Urban-Law
Urban law is a broad science that examines a variety of essential legal issues, such as urban government authority, judicial review of regulatory processes, and individual rights, as they affect the life of cities (Davidson, 2013).Indeed, urban law also contributes to cross-disciplinary evidence by looking at how cities are legally coproduced and how they manage themselves, their citizens (both human and non-human), landscapes, financial flows, and images.(Layard, 2020).In short, as a research area, urban law allows legal experts to make constructive contributions to the broader policy and cultural discourse on the urban experience.
When analyzing cities, urban analysis is worked on from a diverse range of disciplinary expertise.Legal theorists are expected to provide an understanding of the city as a legal environment, including describing the interplay between law and urban life as well as the influence between one city legislation and another (Mihalopoulos, 2007).Thus, through the role of socio-legal scholars, cities can be studied through studying how law functions in urban society as a process and perspective, as well as activities that are dynamic, sustainable, and full of compromises, negotiations, and meaning formation (Mihalopoulos, 2007).Modern urban life can be explored through the role of urban lawyers not just "in the city," but also "of the city."Further, cities serve as more than just background for fieldwork; instead they are at the center of study issues such as, "How is urban life created, regulated, and experienced?"In brief, cities are understood from a socio-legal perspective by researching what urban laws do, how they establish urban structures, policies, and practices, which in turn contribute to spatial, social, economic, cultural, and historical variables that result in the city itself (Layard, 2020).Furthermore, urban law includes an awareness of constitutional law and the powers that cities have.It extends beyond the framework of local government to investigate how cities operate within legal and policy worlds, addressing governance gaps and investigating jurisdiction-specific claims (Sassen, 2006).Urban law scholars can use international law to examine the magnitude of human rights at the city level, investigate the consequences of legalizing urban citizenship, and investigate the effects of declaring areas as sanctuary cities (Božilovć, 2019).This broadens the scope of urban law and its importance in comprehending and addressing urban issues.
Cities and urban law evolve together.The law adapts to major city government difficulties as cities grow: Politicians and bureaucrats in cities worldwide struggle to manage urban agglomerations that straddle jurisdictional and occasionally international borders (Glasser & Berrisfoard, 2015).Thus, cities without functional urban legal systems create urban pathologies that hinder economic and social progress.In brief, urban law exists to assist cities in living more inclusive by ensuring fair and equitable access to the services, jobs, educational, and cultural opportunities that cities provide.
Urban law has many aspects ( UN-Habitat, 2016).First, it regulates cities' central functions and reflects people' and users' rights and obligations.Urban planning, municipal finance, land management, infrastructure, mobility, and local economic development are among the functions.Second, it is present at multiple levels, from globally recognized rights like the right to housing to national legislation and municipal ordinances or by-laws that typically control local concerns like service provision or public space management.Third, it frequently has neutral technical phrasing but a complex social aspect, including the potential for differential effects on diverse urban populations, particularly the impoverished and socially disenfranchised.
Good quality urban law promotes predictability and order in urban development from a variety of views, including geographical, sociological, economic, and environmental aspects.A good-quality urban law integrates a technical understanding with local relevance, culture, and context in order to fulfill its designated function (Xanthaki, 2016).Hence, the intention of good urban law is to develop a legal framework that promotes sustainable, livable, and well-governed cities while taking into account the different demands and thoughts of urban citizens (Huang & Yost-Bremm, 2018).In summary, good urban law specifies the rights, obligations, and powers of urban governance players like city governments, citizens, businesses, and civil society organizations.
Good urban law involves Participatory Decision Making.As a crucial component of good urban law, participatory decision making ensures that citizens' opinions and perspectives are incorporated into city governance (Radzik-Maruszak & Bátorová, 2015).This notion emphasizes the active participation of citizens, community groups, and stakeholders in urban decision-making processes, such as policy, program, and project design and implementation.
Furthermore, participatory decision-making in urban governance also promotes transparency, inclusivity, and accountability.It acknowledges that urban development decisions should engage the wider community (Friendly, 2019).Inshort, good urban law legitimizes governance by including residents in decision-making.Participation and input increase community trust in the government.
In addition, participatory decision making recognizes that citizens are the most knowledgeable about their communities.Hence, lawmakers can learn about local needs, problems, and goals by involving them in decision-making (van Buuren et al., 2019).It encourages informed and context-specific policymaking.Citizens are empowered by urban decision-making (Certomà et al., 2015).Participatory approaches allow people to express their concerns, make suggestions, and create outcomes.In brief, this encourages civic participation and sustainable urban growth.
Further, including multiple perspectives through participatory decision making improves decision quality.Thus, by examining a greater spectrum of ideas, experiences, and interests, urban policies and projects are more likely to be complete, balanced, and responsive to community needs (Iaione & Nictolis, 2020).In summary, this helps to eliminate any biases and ensures more representative and well-informed decisions.
Finally, participatory decision making strengthens social cohesion by increasing communication, collaboration, and understanding among the many elements of society.Hence It gives marginalized or disadvantaged groups a voice and ensures that their needs are fulfilled, thereby contributing to greater equality in urban development (da Cruz et al., 2019).Following that, including residents in decision-making processes helps to build more sustainable and resilient cities (UN-Habitat, 2022).In this regard, by integrating citizens in conversations about environmental protection, resource management, and climate adaptation, urban policies can be better aligned with local sustainability goals and increase the city's overall resilience.

AI Application for Smart Urban-Law
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of technologies and systems that replicate human cognitive functions to solve problems, execute tasks, make recommendations, and make decisions without human intervention (Yigitcanlar, Degirmenci, et al., 2022).This technology undermines urban life and government services (Yigitcanlar, Agdas, et al., 2022).In short, AI is a set of interrelated technologies and systems that replicate the cognitive functions of the human mind to solve problems, perform tasks, make recommendations, and make decisions without human guidance.
The term "smart" refers to the integration of sophisticated technologies and datadriven approaches to improve the efficiency, sustainability, and quality of urban services and decision-making processes in the context of urban government and urban law.Smart governance improves urban service delivery via IoT, data analytics, and AI (Allam, Sharifi, et al., 2022).It optimizes infrastructure, utilities, transportation, and public services utilizing real-time data.Thus, smart governance seeks to increase quality of life, resource efficiency, and city responsiveness.Furthermore, smart governance focuses on using technology to improve governmental services and citizen involvement (Andrews et al., 2006).This includes digital platforms and apps that allow residents to access information, engage in decision-making, and provide feedback to local authorities.It encourages transparency, accountability, and inclusivity in urban governance (Malodia et al., 2021).In summary, "smart" urban governance and law involves integrating sophisticated technologies, data-driven techniques, and public involvement to improve the efficiency, sustainability, and quality of municipal services, decision-making processes, and urban growth.It combines data and technology to make cities more livable, connected, and responsive to citizens.
Citizens, specialists, interest groups, and other stakeholders are involved in urban lawmaking, allowing for broad participation.Crowd legislation uses information technology to quickly reach a wide range of stakeholders, including citizens, experts, interest groups, and other related parties, to involve them in lawmaking (Feddersen & Santana, 2022).This concept builds on inclusion, transparency, and citizen participation in urban law.Also, crowd legislation promotes participatory decisionmaking mechanisms in urban law (Aitamurto et al., 2014).Crowd legislation includes a wide range of perspectives and skills in order to make urban laws more inclusive and equitable.Thus, with complicated topics that demand specialized knowledge and skills, Crowd legislation allows experts and professionals to participate in the lawmaking process, ensuring that laws are informed by the best available information and practices (Aitamurto & Landemore, 2015).It also enables innovative approaches to urban concerns by embracing varied crowdsourced viewpoints and ideas.
Urban law should meet community needs and goals.As a result, crowd legislation includes residents in lawmaking in order to better understand their demands and identifies community issues, interests, and values through public forums, surveys, and other participatory methods in order to tailor municipal laws to their needs.Hence, Crowd legislation enhances inclusion, legitimacy, expertise, and participatory governance in urban law (Alsina & Martí, 2017).Urban laws can better represent community needs, interests, and goals by including different stakeholders in the lawmaking process.In short, crowd legislation strengthens government-citizen relations, making urban laws more effective, responsive, and equitable.AI and smart urban law genuinely intersect in a variety of ways.In several areas, smart urban law and AI systems may become aligned, as well as the challenges involved in using AI to improve urban lawmaking processes.Interconnections between legislation and technology have typically been identified where law is viewed as 'information' and ICT is utilized to disseminate it (Prpić et al., 2015).As a result, applications might range from simple 'information management' to complex analysis.
The numerous ways in which artificial intelligence can be used to improve and streamline various areas of Urban Law formation and monitoring are referred to as AI applications in the Smart Urban Law creation process.Where AI may improve legislative processes, such as the drafting and development of city-level laws and regulations (Drahmann & Meuwese, 2022).NLP algorithms can be used to examine and interpret legal texts, assisting regulators in identifying inconsistencies, redundancies, or potential regulatory conflicts (Tyagi & Bhushan, 2023).AI technologies can also give lawmakers with guidance and automated writing assistance, ensuring that law wording is clear, coherent, and effective.
From the standpoint of the legislative process, AI can help to optimize the urban legislation process itself.Where AI systems can analyze massive amounts of legislation data, such as past rules, legal precedents, and court decisions, to offer lawmakers with complete and relevant information during the drafting stage (Drahmann & Meuwese, 2022).AI-powered systems can also help policymakers collaborate and communicate more effectively, allowing for more efficient coordination and decision-making throughout the legislative process.
AI Technology can be used to monitor and assess the execution and impact of Urban Law in oversight by lawmakers.To measure Smart urban law efficacy and compliance, AI systems may scan and analyze enormous volumes of data from diverse sources, such as legal databases, court decisions, and regulatory filings (Kankanhalli et al., 2019).This can assist urban lawmakers in identifying potential gaps, assessing the need for modifications to the Smart Urban Law, and making data-driven decisions.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, smart urban law AI adoption offers promising prospects and opportunities.Hence, AI can improve urban law and governance's efficiency, efficacy, and sustainability.Cities may improve their legislative processes and monitoring by using AI technologies like machine learning, data analytics, and natural language processing.Adoption of AI in smart urban legislation facilitates the incorporation of sophisticated technologies and data-driven techniques into urban government decision-making processes.Diverse perspectives and expertise promote inclusivity, transparency, and public engagement in crowd legislation.AI-powered technologies can examine enormous amounts of legal texts, public opinions, and policy data to inform policymakers and politicians.AI in smart urban law helps develop and implement data-driven policies, enabling evidence-based decision-making and better monitoring of law implementation and impact.This promotes urban governance accountability, responsiveness, and ongoing improvement.
However, using AI in smart urban law presents obstacles and issues.Data privacy and security, AI algorithm ethics, and AI technology access are major challenges.To understand the ramifications of AI adoption in urban law, politicians, legal professionals, technologists, and the public must collaborate, research, and talk.AI adoption can revolutionize smart urban law.Cities may use AI responsibly to improve public engagement, efficiency, sustainability, and equity.Further research is needed to fully grasp the consequences, constraints, and best practices for AI in smart urban law.